Axioms and Ordinals, Isomorphisms Between Ordered Sets

Isomorphisms Between Ordered Sets

A bijection that equates the members of two partialy ordered sets is an isomorphism if it respects order. That is, x < y iff f(x) < f(y). When the sets are linearly ordered, one is mapped onto the other in a "continuous" fashion, although some sections may be stretched and others shrunk. The real functions f(x) = x and f(x) = x3 are two examples. The former is trivial; the latter stretches intervals far from the origin and compresses intervals near the origin. As we shall see below, well ordered sets cannot be stretched and compressed in this manner.

Let f be an isomorphism between two ordinals S and T. In other words, f is 1-1 and onto, and respects set membership. We know that one of the ordinals is a subset of the other. Assume T⊆S. If S ≠ T, f squashes S down onto T. Let z be the least element of S such that f(z) ≠ z. Write f(z) = y, where z < y. At the same time, f(x) = z for some x in S, where z < x. Now z < x, yet f(z) > f(x), hence f is not an isomorphism. Isomorphic ordinals are identical.

If S and T are two well ordered sets, and there is an isomorphism between them, it is unique. Let f and g be different isomorphisms from S onto T, and let z be the least element of S such that f(z) ≠ g(z). Specifically, f(z) = x and g(z) = y, where x < y. Now g(w) = x for some w < z. This means f(w) agrees with g(w) = x, hence f maps two elements onto x, and is not an isomorphism after all. The isomorphism between well ordered sets is unique.